Anatomy II (Human)

Discover More About Human Anatomy –

Lesson Structure

There are 7 lessons in this course:

1. Cytology
   • Common Organelles & Structures such as Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Cytosol, Cytoskeleton, Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Mitochondria, Golgi Apparatus, Ribosomes, Lysosome and Peroxisome
   • Specialised Organelles & Structures – Sarcolemma, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, T-Tubules, Undulipodia and Microvilli
   • The Anatomy of Cellular Division – Review, Characteristic Interphase Structures, Characteristic Mitosis Structures
2. Surface Anatomy
   • Terminology: Regions and Positions of the Body, Planes and Views of the Body, Locational and Directional Terminology, Descriptive Terms, Numerical Terms
   • Surface Anatomy
   • Superficial Structures, Features and Markings – the Head, the Neck, the Back, the Anterior Torso, the Upper Extremities and the Lower Extremities.
   • Practical Use of Surface Anatomy – Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation, Percussion, Measuring Vital Signs, Blood Testing and Signs versus Symptoms
3. Systemic Anatomy I
   • Systemic Anatomy – Integumentary, Nervous, Endocrine, Immune etc.
   • Organisation of the Body
   • The integumentary System – Anatomy of the Skin and Anatomy of other Integumentary System Components
   • The Nervous System – the Brain, the Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerve Anatomy, Divisions of the Nervous System
   • The Cardiovascular System – the Heart and the Vasculature
   • The Renal System – the Kidneys, the Ureters, the Bladder and the Urethra.
4. Systemic Anatomy II
   • The Endocrine System – the Pineal Gland, the Pituitary Gland, the Hypothalamus, Thyroid, Parathyroids, Thymus, Pancreas, Adrenal Glands and Ovaries and Testes.
   • The Immune System – Thymus, Spleen, Bone Marrow and Lymphatic System
   • The Male Reproductive System – External Components and Spermatogenesis in the Seminiferous Tubules of the Testes.
   • The Female Reproductive System – the Uterus, the Vagina, the External Genitalia, the Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes, Accessory Glands and the Breast and Mammary Tissue.
5. Regional Anatomy I
   • Regional Anatomy – Integument, Peripheral Nervous System, Vasculature, Skeleton, Musculature
   • Musculature – Brevi, Extensor, Indicis, Longus, Palmar etc.
   • Bone – Girdle, Notch, Spine, Tuberosity etc.
   • Vasculature and Miscellaneous – Axilla, Cubital, Palpate etc.
   • The Cranial Cavity – Bones of the Skull and Facial Bones
   • Thoracic Cavity – the Oral and Nasal Cavities, the Paranasal Sinuses, the Nasopharynx, the Oropharynx, the Laryngopharynx, the Larynx, Laryngeal Membranes, Ligaments and Muscles, the Trachea, the Bronchial Tree, the Lungs and the Diaphragm
   • The Abdominopelvic Cavity – the Oesophagus, the Stomach, the Small Intestine and the Large Intestine.
6. Regional Anatomy II
   • The Upper Extremities – Anatomical features of – the Humerus, the Ulna, the Radius, the Carpals, the Metacarpals, the Phalanges; Musculature of the Upper Extremities, Innervation of the Upper Extremity, Vasculature of the Upper Extremity.
   • The Lower Extremities – Anatomical Features of – the Pelvis, the Femur, the Tibia, the Fibula, the Tarsals, the Metatarsals, the Phalanges, Innervation of the Upper Extremity and Vasculature of the Lower Extremities.
7. Radiographic and Diagnostic Anatomy
   • Medical Imaging – X-Ray, CAT scan, MRI, PET Scan and Ultrasound
   • Diagnostic Anatomy – Abdominopelvic Cavity, Abdominopelvic Quadrants.

Each lesson culminates in an assignment which is submitted to the school, marked by the school’s tutors and returned to you with any relevant suggestions, comments, and if necessary, extra reading.

What You Will Do

• Explain the significance of the following eye structures: eyelids, eyelashes, and brows.
• What are the structures that make up the oral cavity? Briefly explain their significance.
• Outline and discuss otitis media and its causes using the internet or other reference material.
• What other structures may be analysed without a microscope besides the eyes, ears, and mouth? Make a list of at least ten.
• Using the internet or other sources, describe the three basic nervous system functions required to sustain homeostasis.
• Distinguish between grey and white matter and describe their locations and differences using reference materials or the internet.
• Define the following terms using the internet or other reference material: resting membrane potential, depolarization, repolarization, polarised membrane, nerve impulse, depolarized membrane, repolarized membrane, and refractory time.
• List and describe the structure of the four major brain parts.
• Contrast neurons and neuroglia by detailing their structure and function.
• List the names and locations of the major bodily cavities and organs.
• List the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions, as well as their names and placements.
• Appendicitis discomfort would be felt in which quadrant? Are you suffering from an irritated liver or gallbladder issues? Do you have sigmoid colon issues? Do you have spleen issues?
• Find an example image of the specified medical imaging procedures using the internet or other reference sources.

The study of structure, how sections of the body are sized and shaped, and how they interact with one another, as well as the tissues that comprise them, is known as anatomy. It does not explore how different portions of the body work or what they perform because that is the domain of physiology.

Anatomy is and has always been the beginning point for scientific study of the human body. We cannot fully grasp function unless we understand structure, because the structure and interrelationship of body parts allows them to function. To study anatomy, it is necessary to comprehend the various medical/scientific words used to describe location, relationship, components, numbers, and so on. Certain key concepts are taught early in the course, and you may be familiar with some of them. They should still be checked, along with any new terms, to ensure that you properly comprehend this course.

A Foundation for a Variety of Careers

Anatomy knowledge can be useful for a variety of jobs, including:

• Medical, Fitness, and Health Helping jobs (Receptionists and assistants)
• Personal trainers, fitness instructors, and sports coaches
• Massage therapists and other practitioners of complementary medicine
• Retail employees in health food stores, pharmacies, sporting goods stores, and even shoe stores
• Journalists and writers
• Medical professionals, doctors, researchers, academics, and lecturers

Understanding Human Cells is the first step in learning about anatomy.Cells make up the human body. As a body is conceived, it begins with a single cell that multiplies into many throughout time, and as the body develops, the cells that arise begin to differentiate from one another (ie. not all cells are the same as that original cell). The body progressively creates many distinct types of cells, each with its own unique set of features, and these cells combine together to form various types of tissue. For instance, bones are made up of bone cells, and muscles are built up of muscle cells.

When you learn more about anatomy, you will discover that the subject can become increasingly difficult. This can be both intimidating and exciting. If you find it stimulating, you will most likely learn more, and you will be on your way to a beautiful and fulfilling experience as you discover more about the human body.